# chainer.functions.deconvolution_2d¶

chainer.functions.deconvolution_2d(x, W, b=None, stride=1, pad=0, outsize=None, *, dilate=1, groups=1)[source]

Two dimensional deconvolution function.

This is an implementation of two-dimensional deconvolution. In most of deep learning frameworks and papers, this function is called transposed convolution. But because of historical reasons (e.g. paper by Ziller Deconvolutional Networks) and backward compatibility, this function is called deconvolution in Chainer.

It takes three variables: input image x, the filter weight W, and the bias vector b.

Notation: here is a notation for dimensionalities.

• $$n$$ is the batch size.
• $$c_I$$ and $$c_O$$ are the number of the input and output channels, respectively.
• $$h_I$$ and $$w_I$$ are the height and width of the input image, respectively.
• $$h_K$$ and $$w_K$$ are the height and width of the filters, respectively.
• $$h_P$$ and $$w_P$$ are the height and width of the spatial padding size, respectively.

Let $$(s_Y, s_X)$$ be the stride of filter application. Then, the output size $$(h_O, w_O)$$ is estimated by the following equations:

$\begin{split}h_O &= s_Y (h_I - 1) + h_K - 2h_P,\\ w_O &= s_X (w_I - 1) + w_K - 2w_P.\end{split}$

The output of this function can be non-deterministic when it uses cuDNN. If chainer.configuration.config.deterministic is True and cuDNN version is >= v3, it forces cuDNN to use a deterministic algorithm.

Deconvolution links can use a feature of cuDNN called autotuning, which selects the most efficient CNN algorithm for images of fixed-size, can provide a significant performance boost for fixed neural nets. To enable, set chainer.using_config(‘autotune’, True)

Warning

deterministic argument is not supported anymore since v2. Instead, use chainer.using_config('cudnn_deterministic', value) (value is either True or False). See chainer.using_config().

Parameters: x (Variable or numpy.ndarray or cupy.ndarray) – Input variable of shape $$(n, c_I, h_I, w_I)$$. W (Variable or numpy.ndarray or cupy.ndarray) – Weight variable of shape $$(c_I, c_O, h_K, w_K)$$. b (Variable or numpy.ndarray or cupy.ndarray) – Bias variable of length $$c_O$$ (optional). stride (int or pair of int s) – Stride of filter applications. stride=s and stride=(s, s) are equivalent. pad (int or pair of int s) – Spatial padding width for input arrays. pad=p and pad=(p, p) are equivalent. outsize (tuple of int) – Expected output size of deconvolutional operation. It should be pair of height and width $$(h_O, w_O)$$. Default value is None and the outsize is estimated by input size, stride and pad. dilate (int or pair of int s) – Dilation factor of filter applications. dilate=d and dilate=(d, d) are equivalent. groups (int) – The number of groups to use grouped deconvolution. The default is one, where grouped deconvolution is not used. Output variable of shape $$(n, c_O, h_O, w_O)$$. Variable

Example

>>> n = 10
>>> c_i, c_o = 1, 3
>>> h_i, w_i = 5, 10
>>> h_k, w_k = 10, 10
>>> h_p, w_p = 5, 5
>>> x = np.random.uniform(0, 1, (n, c_i, h_i, w_i)).astype(np.float32)
>>> x.shape
(10, 1, 5, 10)
>>> W = np.random.uniform(0, 1, (c_i, c_o, h_k, w_k)).astype(np.float32)
>>> W.shape
(1, 3, 10, 10)
>>> b = np.random.uniform(0, 1, c_o).astype(np.float32)
>>> b.shape
(3,)
>>> s_y, s_x = 5, 5
>>> y = F.deconvolution_2d(x, W, b, stride=(s_y, s_x), pad=(h_p, w_p))
>>> y.shape
(10, 3, 20, 45)
>>> h_o = s_y * (h_i - 1) + h_k - 2 * h_p
>>> w_o = s_x * (w_i - 1) + w_k - 2 * w_p
>>> y.shape == (n, c_o, h_o, w_o)
True