chainer.Variable¶

class chainer.Variable(data=None, *, name=None, grad=None, requires_grad=True)[source]

Array with a structure to keep track of computation.

Every variable holds a data array of type either numpy.ndarray or cupy.ndarray.

A variable object holds a data array and a VariableNode object of a computational graph. If the variable is constructed by the user, the node is root and does not hold any parent. If the variable is constructed by a FunctionNode object (i.e., by calling functions under chainer.functions or user-defined functions), or by using operators (see the list below), the node holds a reference to its parent called creator_node. This reference is used in backpropagation to backtrack the graph.

Users can disable (resp. enable) this chaining behavior by calling no_backprop_mode() (resp. force_backprop_mode()). In the former context, a variable never creates a computational graph, whereas in the latter context, it is forced to create.

Note

The following operators are defined for variable(s).

Warning

volatile argument is not supported anymore since v2. Instead, use chainer.no_backprop_mode().

Parameters: data (numpy.ndarray or cupy.ndarray) – Initial data array. name (str) – Name of the variable. grad (numpy.ndarray or cupy.ndarray) – Initial gradient array. requires_grad (bool) – Boolean indicating whether grad will be set in backward calculation.

Methods

__getitem__(slices)[source]

Extract elements from array with specified shape, axes and offsets.

Parameters: x (Variable or numpy.ndarray or cupy.ndarray) – A variable to be sliced. slices (int, slice, Ellipsis, None, integer array-like, boolean array-like or tuple of them) – An object to specify the selection of elements. A Variable object which contains sliced array of x.

Note

It only supports types that are supported by CUDA’s atomicAdd when an integer array is included in slices. The supported types are numpy.float32, numpy.int32, numpy.uint32, numpy.uint64 and numpy.ulonglong.

Note

It does not support slices that contains multiple boolean arrays.

Note

See NumPy document for details of indexing.

Example

>>> x = np.arange(12).reshape((2, 2, 3))
>>> x
array([[[ 0,  1,  2],
[ 3,  4,  5]],

[[ 6,  7,  8],
[ 9, 10, 11]]])
>>> F.get_item(x, 0)
variable([[0, 1, 2],
[3, 4, 5]])
>>> F.get_item(x, (0, 0, slice(0, 2, 1)))  # equals x[0, 0, 0:2:1]
variable([0, 1])
>>> F.get_item(x, (Ellipsis, 2))  # equals x[..., 2]
variable([[ 2,  5],
[ 8, 11]])
>>> F.get_item(x, (1, np.newaxis, 1, 0))  # equals x[1, None, 1, 0]
variable([9])

__len__()[source]

Returns the first dimension of the data array.

Returns: Number of the first dimension of the data array. int
__copy__()[source]
addgrad(var)[source]

Accumulates the gradient array from given source variable.

This method adds the gradient of a given variable to the gradient of this variable. The accumulation is even done across the host and different devices. If this variable has uninitialized data/grad arrays, this method initializes it with the shape of the given variable and then accumulates the gradient.

Parameters: var (Variable) – Source variable.
backward(retain_grad=False, enable_double_backprop=False, loss_scale=None)[source]

Runs error backpropagation (a.k.a. backprop) from this variable.

On backprop, FunctionNode.backward() is called on each FunctionNode object appearing in the backward graph starting from this variable. The backward graph is represented by backward references from variable nodes to their creators, and from function nodes to their input variable nodes. The backprop stops at all root nodes. Some function nodes set None as gradients of some inputs, where further backprop does not take place at such inputs.

This method uses grad as the initial error array. User can manually set a gradient array before calling this method. If the shape of data is () (i.e., it is scalar) and grad is None, then this method automatically complements 1.0 as the initial error. This is useful on starting backprop from some scalar loss value.

From v3, this method supports differentiable backprop (a.k.a. double backprop, grad of grads). To enable it, pass enable_double_backprop=True.

Parameters: retain_grad (bool) – If True, the gradient arrays of all intermediate variables are kept. Otherwise, grad of the intermediate variables are set to None on appropriate timing, which may reduce the maximum memory consumption. In most cases of training some models, the purpose of backprop is to compute gradients of parameters, not of all variables, and therefore it is recommended to set this flag False. enable_double_backprop (bool) – (Added in v3.0) If True, computational trace of the whole backpropagation procedure is recorded to the computational graph so that one can further do backpropagation from the resulting gradients. Note that enabling it results in larger memory consumption needed to store the gradients w.r.t intermediate variables that are required for the second gradient computation. loss_scale (float) – Loss scaling factor. Loss scaling is a usefull technique to mitigate vanishing gradient issue that tends to happen when low precision data type like float16 is used during training. If you set loss scaling factor, gradients of loss values are to be multiplied by the factor before backprop starts. The factor is propagated to whole gradients in a computational graph along the backprop. The gradients of parameters are divided by the factor just before the parameters are to be updated.
cleargrad()[source]

copydata(var)[source]

Copies the data array from given source variable.

This method copies the data array from given variable to this variable. The copy is done even if the arrays reside on different devices, including across the host and a GPU device. If this variable has an uninitialized data array, this method initializes it by the data array of the given variable. Similarly, if the given variable has an uninitialized data array, this method initializes it by the data array of this variable (self). If both are uninitialized, this method does nothing.

Parameters: var (Variable) – Source variable.
debug_print()[source]

Display a summary of the stored data and location of the Variable

reshape(*shape)[source]

Returns a variable of a different shape and the same content.

chainer.functions.reshape() for full documentation,

retain_data()[source]

Lets the corresponding variable node keep the underlying array.

set_creator(gen_func)[source]

Notifies the variable that the given function is its creator.

Parameters: gen_func (Function) – Function object that creates this variable as one of its outputs.
set_creator_node(fnode)[source]

Notifies the variable that the given node is its creator.

Parameters: fnode (FunctionNode) – Function node that has this variable as an output.
summary()[source]
to_cpu()[source]

Copies the data and gradient arrays to CPU.

to_gpu(device=None)[source]

Copies the data and gradient arrays to specified GPU.

Parameters: device – Target device specifier. If omitted, the current device is used.
to_intel64()[source]

Copies the data and gradient arrays to intel64 specific mdarray.

If the array is not suited for intel64, it will be converted to numpy.ndarray.

transpose(*axes)[source]

Permute the dimensions of an input variable without copy.

chainer.functions.transpose() for full documentation.

unchain()[source]

Deletes the reference to the creator of this variable.

This method deletes the reference to the creator from the corresponding variable node. Unlike unchain_backward(), it does not backtrack the graph.

This method is equivalent to self.creator_node = None.

unchain_backward()[source]

Deletes references between variable nodes and functions backward.

After this method completes, intermediate variable nodes and functions that are not referenced from anywhere are deallocated by reference count GC. Also this variable itself deletes the reference to its creator function from the node, i.e. the node becomes root in the computation graph. It indicates that backprop after unchaining stops at this variable. This behavior is useful to implement truncated BPTT.

zerograd()[source]

Initializes the gradient array by zeros.

Note that the gradient variable is unchained from the computational graph by this method because this operation breaks the backprop validity.

Deprecated since version v1.15: Use cleargrad() instead.

__eq__(other)[source]

This operator is not defined for Variable.

__ne__(other)[source]

This operator is not defined for Variable.

__lt__(other)[source]

This operator is not defined for Variable.

__le__(other)[source]

This operator is not defined for Variable.

__gt__(other)[source]

This operator is not defined for Variable.

__ge__(other)[source]

This operator is not defined for Variable.

__nonzero__()[source]

This operator is not defined for Variable.

__bool__()[source]

This operator is not defined for Variable.

__neg__()[source]

Element-wise negation.

Returns: Output variable. Variable
__abs__()[source]

Element-wise absolute.

Returns: Output variable. Variable
__add__()[source]

Returns: Output variable. Variable
__radd__()[source]

Returns: Output variable. Variable
__sub__(rhs)[source]

Element-wise subtraction.

Returns: Output variable. Variable
__rsub__(rhs)[source]

Element-wise subtraction.

Returns: Output variable. Variable
__mul__(rhs)[source]

Element-wise multiplication.

Returns: Output variable. Variable
__rmul__(rhs)[source]

Element-wise multiplication.

Returns: Output variable. Variable
__div__(rhs)[source]

Element-wise division

Returns: Output variable. Variable
__truediv__(rhs)[source]

Element-wise division

Returns: Output variable. Variable
__rdiv__(rhs)[source]

Element-wise division.

Returns: Output variable. Variable
__rtruediv__(rhs)[source]

Element-wise division.

Returns: Output variable. Variable
__floordiv__(rhs)[source]

Element-wise floor division.

Returns: Output variable. Variable
__rfloordiv__(rhs)[source]

Element-wise floor division.

Returns: Output variable. Variable
__pow__(rhs)[source]

Element-wise power function.

Returns: Output variable. Variable
__rpow__(rhs)[source]

Element-wise power function.

Returns: Output variable. Variable
__matmul__(rhs)[source]

Matrix multiplication.

Returns: Output variable. Variable
__rmatmul__(rhs)[source]

Matrix multiplication.

Returns: Output variable. Variable

Attributes

T

Transposition of this variable.

array

The underlying data array.

It is either numpy.ndarray or cupy.ndarray object, or None if the variable in in an uninitialized state.

creator

Function implementation that created this variable.

When this variable has been created by an old-style function (i.e., it is implemented as a subclass of Function), this property returns that Function object.

When this variable has been created by a new-style function (i.e., it is implemented as a subclass of FunctionNode class), this property returns that node object.

creator_node

FunctionNode object that created this variable.

This property has a setter to which None can be set. Setting None to this property is equivalent to call unchain(); it purges the variable from the function that created this variable.

The setter also accepts the original FunctionNode object that created this variable. For example, you can once set None to this property and then set the original value again.

Note

Setting an irrelevant FunctionNode() object does not emit any error immediately, whereas the behavior is undefined. Do not set a FunctionNode() object that did not create this variable object.

data

The underlying data array (equivalent to array).

Note that using this attribute directly is discouraged; use array instead. Using array, you can find an error earlier when your code mixes up Variable and ndarray because ndarray does not have an attribute .array while it has .data.

dtype
grad

Note that this property returns the underlying array of the gradient variable instead of the gradient variable itself; to get/set gradient variable, use grad_var instead.

grad_var

label

Short text that represents the variable.

name
ndim
node
rank
requires_grad

It indicates that grad will be set in backward calculation.

shape
size
xp

Array module for this variable.

Depending on which of CPU/GPU this variable is on, this property returns numpy or cupy.